Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia/Other Myeloid Malignancies Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Pro
Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia/Other Myeloid Malignancies Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI]-Classification of Pediatric Myeloid Malignancies
Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia/Other Myeloid Malignancies Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI] Guide
Leukemias of mixed phenotype comprise the following two groups of patients:
Biphenotypic cases represent the majority of mixed phenotype leukemias.[17] B-myeloid biphenotypic leukemias lacking the TEL-AML1 fusion have a lower rate of complete remission and a significantly worse event-free survival (EFS) compared with patients with B-precursor ALL.[17] Some studies suggest that patients with biphenotypic leukemia may fare better with a lymphoid, as opposed to a myeloid, treatment regimen,[18,19,24] although the optimal treatment for patients remains unclear.
Cytogenetic Evaluation and Molecular Abnormalities
Chromosomal analyses of leukemia should be performed on children with AML because chromosomal abnormalities are important diagnostic and prognostic markers.[25,26,27,28,29,30] Clonal chromosomal abnormalities have been identified in the blasts of about 75% of children with AML and are useful in defining subtypes with particular characteristics (e.g., t(8;21), t(15;17), inv(16), 11q23 abnormalities, t(1;22)). Leukemias with the chromosomal abnormalities t(8;21) and inv(16) are called core-binding factor leukemias; core-binding factor (a transcription factor involved in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation) is disrupted by each of these abnormalities.
Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia/Other Myeloid Malignancies Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI] - Classification of Pediatric Myeloid Malignancies
Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia/Other Myeloid Malignancies Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI] Guide
- General Information
- Classification of Pediatric Myeloid Malignancies
- Treatment Overview for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
- Treatment of Newly Diagnosed AML
- Postremission Therapy for AML
- Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
- Children with Down Syndrome
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes
- Therapy-Related AML / Myelodysplastic Syndromes
- Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
- Recurrent Childhood AML and Other Myeloid Malignancies
- Survivorship and Adverse Late Sequelae
- Changes to This Summary (08 / 15 / 2014)
- About This PDQ Summary
- Get More Information From NCI
Table 2. Acute Leukemias of Ambiguous Lineage According to the WHO Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissuesa
| Condition | Definition |
|---|---|
| NOS = not otherwise specified; WHO = World Health Organization. | |
| a Béné MC: Biphenotypic, bilineal, ambiguous or mixed lineage: strange leukemias! Haematologica 94 (7): 891-3, 2009.[23]Obtained from Haematologica/the Hematology Journal websitehttp://www.haematologica.org. | |
| Acute undifferentiated leukemia | Acute leukemia that does not express any marker considered specific for either lymphoid or myeloid lineage |
| Mixed phenotype acute leukemia with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2);BCR-ABL1 | Acute leukemia meeting the diagnostic criteria for mixed phenotype acute leukemia in which the blasts also have the (9;22) translocation or theBCR-ABL1rearrangement |
| Mixed phenotype acute leukemia with t(v;11q23);MLLrearranged | Acute leukemia meeting the diagnostic criteria for mixed phenotype acute leukemia in which the blasts also have a translocation involving theMLLgene |
| Mixed phenotype acute leukemia, B/myeloid, NOS | Acute leukemia meeting the diagnostic criteria for assignment to both B and myeloid lineage, in which the blasts lack genetic abnormalities involvingBCR-ABL1orMLL |
| Mixed phenotype acute leukemia, T/myeloid, NOS | Acute leukemia meeting the diagnostic criteria for assignment to both T and myeloid lineage, in which the blasts lack genetic abnormalities involvingBCR-ABL1orMLL |
| Mixed phenotype acute leukemia, B/myeloid, NOS-rare types | Acute leukemia meeting the diagnostic criteria for assignment to both B- and T-lineage |
| Other ambiguous lineage leukemias | Natural killer cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma |
Leukemias of mixed phenotype comprise the following two groups of patients:
- Bilineal leukemias in which there are two distinct populations of cells, usually one lymphoid and one myeloid.
- Biphenotypic leukemias in which individual blast cells display features of both lymphoid and myeloid lineage.
Biphenotypic cases represent the majority of mixed phenotype leukemias.[17] B-myeloid biphenotypic leukemias lacking the TEL-AML1 fusion have a lower rate of complete remission and a significantly worse event-free survival (EFS) compared with patients with B-precursor ALL.[17] Some studies suggest that patients with biphenotypic leukemia may fare better with a lymphoid, as opposed to a myeloid, treatment regimen,[18,19,24] although the optimal treatment for patients remains unclear.
Cytogenetic Evaluation and Molecular Abnormalities
Chromosomal analyses of leukemia should be performed on children with AML because chromosomal abnormalities are important diagnostic and prognostic markers.[25,26,27,28,29,30] Clonal chromosomal abnormalities have been identified in the blasts of about 75% of children with AML and are useful in defining subtypes with particular characteristics (e.g., t(8;21), t(15;17), inv(16), 11q23 abnormalities, t(1;22)). Leukemias with the chromosomal abnormalities t(8;21) and inv(16) are called core-binding factor leukemias; core-binding factor (a transcription factor involved in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation) is disrupted by each of these abnormalities.