Organization

• If you cannot follow the organization of an essay, the author's point is lost. The first time you read a piece, take note of how easily you can follow the structure of the essay. If there are flaws in the structure, consider what type of organization might make more sense and talk with the author about another option. Many organizational issues can be resolved with solutions as simple as re-ordering the paragraphs. Others take more in-depth revisions like moving several sentences within the piece.
  
  

Focus and Clarity

• Sometimes an essay simply fails to make a point. As you read each paragraph, rephrase what you think the author is attempting to communicate. If your interpretation differs from the author's intent, there is a problem with focus and clarity. A conversation with the author will often help with this, as the author attempts to express the point differently in order to make it clear. It is possible to understand the author's point in each paragraph and still have an essay without a point. Make sure the entire essay focuses on the thesis and that each paragraph supports that thesis. Even the most well-written paragraphs have to be cut from time to time for the sake of relevancy.
  
  

Voice and Mechanics

• With very few exceptions, the voice of an essay should remain consistent throughout. This includes the person in which the essay is written as well as the overall tone of the piece. If you notice a shift, make note of it and offer suggestions for fixing it. Proper mechanics are also imperative to an essay that communicates effectively. Note errors in spelling, punctuation, usage, capitalization, etc. and draw the author's attention to repeated errors in order to help avoid them in the future.
  
  

Constructive Criticism

• Some essays are not well written. However, simply telling someone their writing is bad is not going to help them improve it. Using language that offers suggestions for building up an essay will be more effective than simply tearing it down. Be specific and offer suggestions for improvement. For example, rather than saying, "This paragraph doesn't make sense," ask questions to help clarify meaning and help your peer talk through the intended point of the paragraph. Remember, you are critiquing your peer's essay, not the person. Your goal should be to help your peer become a better writer, not to gain favor or exact revenge. Objectivity is paramount. If you truly cannot work in this manner, tell your peer that you may not be the best person to critique the essay.